When it comes to writing fiction, often there are no definitive rules to certain aspects of structuring sentences. In addition, a writer’s voice, writing style, tone, and genre can and should influence choices in how to craft narrative, internal thinking, speech, and description.
But there are some basic principles or practices that many fiction writers use, regardless of genre, to help them tighten up their writing and keep prose from becoming muddled, clunky, or redundant.
One of my English teachers in high school had a saying he often repeated: “Say what you mean. Don’t say what you don’t mean.” It’s stuck with me for four decades, and I often think of this when writing. It may sound simple, but the advice is sage. The task of an adept writer is to figure out what she wants to say, then find the best way to say it.
Granted, when in a character’s voice, the rules can often be set aside to convey the personality intended. Speech and thoughts may be grammatical wrong but entirely appropriate for that character due to his background, education, and other factors. But there are specific places where bending or breaking the established rules of grammar is not a good idea. Your novel or short story (or anything you write) should showcase a handle on correct grammar.
So be judicious with breaking the rules. And use your judgment in deciding when and if to follow these fiction “rules” I’m presenting here. If any of them can help you write better, tighter sentences, then they’ll have value for you.
· Avoid passive construction. Perhaps the weakest sentence is one that begins with “it was” or “there were.” So often when I critique a manuscript, I ask the question in the comment balloon: “What is it? Who are they?” So, go through your manuscript and search for it was and there were and replace each phrase with a strong noun and verb. Instead of “It was raining hard,” try something more descriptive like “rain pelted the roof.” Writers have been taught to avoid passive voice, but it’s not wise to say you should never use the word was anywhere in your writing. There are times when passive voice is the best choice. If your character is in the process of doing one thing when something else happens, you need to use the passive progressive structure: “I was stirring the noodles, when my contact fell into the water.” That works perfectly. If you try to rewrite that to avoid the passive construction and come up with “I stirred the noodles as my contact fell in the water” it’s a bit off.
· Use correct verbs with speaker tags. I’m surprised at how often I see incorrect speaker tag verbs. Those are the verbs used to describe speech. It’s important to understand that speaker tags use only verbs that can create speech. Writers often get creative with verbs in their tags, saying things like: “I love you,” he smiled (or laughed, joked, lied, sighed, coughed, chuckled, etc.). You can’t sigh speech or cough speech, so only use verbs like said, asked, replied. Simpler is better. The word said is most recommended because it is considered invisible—which is a good thing. There are simple ways to tweak your sentence to use a variation of the verb you want:
o “I love you,” he said with a smile.
- “I love you.” He coughed, then added, “I mean . . . I think I do.”
· Avoid adverbs. Perhaps you’ve heard that adverbs are often frowned upon. It’s true—a lot of beginning writers use adverbs excessively. And it does make your writing look cluttered and amateurish. Why? Because it is better writing to have the choice of words and the structure of a sentence imply the mood, emotion, or intent of what you are trying to get across. Rather than tell that someone is angry (“Go away,” he said angrily), show it (“Go away,” he said, slamming the door in her face).
· Distinguish between consecutive and simultaneous events. I often notice in the manuscripts I critique and edit two (or more) sequential events happening simultaneously. Authors often construct sentences like this:
o Turning the doorknob, she ran over and grabbed him and pushed him away.
o She stirred the cereal on the stove, sitting down with a sigh.
o Opening the car door, he turned on the ignition and started the car.
o He poured a cup of water, setting it down on the nightstand.
Certain things have to occur in sequence. You first turn the doorknob, then open the door, then grab the guy. You stir the cereal, then sit down and sigh (maybe you’re sick of eating cereal?). After the man opens the car door, he then turns on the ignition and starts the car. Don’t be afraid to use then. It’s a useful word.
If you follow these “mostly accepted” rules, you’ll find it easier to “say what you mean” instead of “saying what you don’t mean.” Break them at the risk of being misunderstood.
Great write-up! Writing is a talent, and it must not be wasted. As with everything that we had been entrusted, we should
let it grow and share it with the world.>self
education resources
Great write-up! Writing is a talent, and it must not be wasted. As with everything that we had been entrusted, we should let it grow and share it with the world.>self improvement tips
Great article, thx. I really wish the advice on adverbs could be told to a few bestselling authors as well! I’m talking about people (I will keep them nameless) but they are in the huge grossing bestseller lists who say things all the time like, “she walked away angrily” and my personal favorite, “she sniffled nasingly.” Nasingly???? It made me want to scream b/c this author is a huge success. It made *them* appear amateurish, and it also made me wonder who edited their book since they’re trad published and making millions.
Great post!
What a great article, I have bookmarked it for future reference! One question, I have been through my current manuscript and found I tend to use ‘It was’ when referring to time (it was just after noon, it was turning into a very long day, it was just a matter of time until’ etc. What would you recommend using in those scenarios?
Now to remove the amount of times someone says something by laughing…
Thanks, best to combine sentences. Try something like “Just after noon, John pushed his way through the crowd.” That way you avoid that weak construction. Always think “strong nouns and verbs.”
Great post.
I have one question. You mentioned not being afraid to use “then” in your writing. I have read conflicting articles on this subject and it’s so confusing. Is it okay to use then, then?
I have never seen anyone state you should not use “then.” If anyone does, THEN they need to get steered straight lol~!
Awesome reminders CS! Thank you!
Nice to see you here, C.S.! This post is a keeper.
Hi Julie, nice to see you here too! You should be doing a blog post since you have so much you can teach writers!
As another editor/author, I appreciate the advice in this!
Just a note – the giveaway doesn’t have your Facebook link, but I was able to find it: https://www.facebook.com/C.S.Lakin.Author
(So others can “like” it too!)
Love this…
Solid advice, great examples. Thanks!